2 - QUANTIFIERS

	Countable	Uncountable
a lot of  /            Aff. lots of                 Neg.                             Int.	There are a lot of books on the table. There aren’t a lot of books. Are there a lot of books?	There is a lot of milk in the fridge. There isn’t a lot of milk. Is there a lot of milk?
some                 Aff.               Offers int.                Asking int.	There are some books. Would you like some biscuits? Can I have some biscuits?	There is some milk. Would you like some coffee? Can I have some coffee?
a few   (+) few  (-)	There are a few books. There are few books.
a little (+)    little (-)		There is a little milk. There is little milk.
many	There aren’t many books.
much		There isn’t much milk.
any                       Neg.                               Int.                               Aff.	There aren’t any books. Are there any books? I like any (kinds  of) films. Anywhere you decide to go, I will go with you.	There isn’t any milk. Is there any milk? I like any (kind of) fruit.
no	There are no books.	There is no milk.

1 - GRAMMAR: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Zero Conditional – always true

If +  Present simple,  present simple

If I eat too much chocolate, I get sick. 

First Conditional – future possibility

If +  Present simple,   will/be going to +  verb

If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go to the beach.

Unless (if not) it rains, I will go to the beach.

Second Conditional -  impossible present

If  +  past simple ,   would  +  verb

If I found a mobile, I wouldn’t keep it.

If I had more money, I would buy a house.

If I were/was rich, I would have a yacht.

Give advice:  If I were you, I would study more.

Third Conditional – regrets / impossible past  

If  +  past perfect ,  would have + past participle

If I had studied more, I would have got a good mark. (But I didn’t get a good mark.)

PRACTICE ONLINE:



First Conditioanl: https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_statements.htm

Second Conditional: https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_2_statements.htm

Third Conditional:  https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_3_statements.htm

All three: https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/complex_tests/if_clauses1/index.php

YOU CHOOSE YOUR DIFFICULTY:

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/if.htm

WELCOME BACK TO SCHOOL - 4AM!

WELCOME BACK STUDENTS and HAVE A GREAT SCHOOL YEAR!!!

20 - THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

Disruption of Multinational Empires

The Austrian Empire

Austria in 1815: Empire of many Nationalities

1. Dominant Nationality. The German-speaking Austrians, constituting one-fifth of the population of the Empire, were the dominant nationality. They held the leading positions in government, Church, education and army. The Empire's ruling family, the Hapsburgs, was also Austrian.

2. Subject Nationalities. These included Hungarians, Italians, Rumanians and Slavic-speaking peoples: Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. As these subject peoples absorbed nationalist ideals - spread from france after 1789 - they aspired to independence.

Austria combats Nationalism

19 - THE BALLAD: Definition

Definition:

The ballad is a short, narrative poem. It is composed of a fixed stanza form. It has a simple plot and a simple metrical structure. A ballad is generally divided into quatrains and the quatrains are connected to each other with a repeated refrain. 

The ballad metre is very simple, each line has four primary beats. A quatrain usually has a standard (heroic) rhyme scheme (abab). The language and the syntax are simple. Alliteration is present, the repetition of the same - usually initial - sound in two or three words of the same line. The ballad also contains direct imagery (which is the pattern of images which evoke sensory responses in the mind). 

LORD RANDALL